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-~"m

NOTES AND QUERIES IN BRETHREN IN CHRIST HISTORY
: April-June, 1962

Number 2

~ ~&gt;&gt;~

The Sunday School Movement in the Brethren.in Christ Church V
in Â·the Nineteenth Century
}Â·

Â·.. .

o.

C.arlton

Wittlinger

I

;&lt; :Â¥J;.:[i Goneici.erable obscurity surrounds the questions as .to where and when Sundat

&lt;.;~~n6ol 14()rk began in the Church. We have no information for tfe period prior ~o
"t~~.,~?$0
but a fairly safe inference would be that there wa no Sunday Schodl

â€¢s.

Â· ~~A.~ity during that ti?r.e. One writer states that Bertie Dist ict in Ontario qoop.e~,.rt~d in a Sunday School which began in the Humberstone Sch olhouse in 1863 ..!l
Anotj1:E)'1.. auth~r identifies Asa Bearss as the organizer and first superintendent jof
th~t..school.
I

at hand indicates that the above assertions which rest only upon oral
on cannot easily be reconciled with each other. Asa Bearss was born in 1840
onverted when about twenty"'"seven years of age. 11 3 â€¢Xhis would place his conn approximately in 1867, or about four years after the reported opening of the
stone Sunday School. If, .therefore, Bearss started that School, he either did
$~Â·~15,f:ore he professed experiential conversion and united with the Church, or else
'5..tâ€¢&lt;;f:l:egan later than 1863. The present writer seriously questions whether the Bertie
bX'e~))~en would have joined in such a new venture as Sunqay School work with an un. Â·. Â· Â·Â· ted man who did not hold membership in their group. Thus, the statement that
.:rtie District co-operated in a School begun in 1863 would seem to require at
the qualification that such co-operation began some yea:i-s after its beginning.
~. ~\

Â»earssâ€¢ connection with the founding of a Sunday School in the Humberstone

$Q~~il.l~611se is so finnly fixed in the traditions of his family that such connoetioll

credible even in t~e absence of more satisfactory documentary proof.
is inclined to look with more sk0pticism upon :a specific dat.e which is
only by oral tradition, the year 1863 is probably the best approximation we
to achieve for the Asa Bearss venture into Sunday School work. As pointed
ett:~~~u:x&gt;ve, such a venture in that year would have preceded by several years his
ntial conversion and subsequent affiliation with theÂ·Â· Church. This would not
prising, for persons of many diff erent-Â·religious_ viewpoints and_ emphase-s- took
.'f:erest in the Sunday Schooi- movement.

:t~1e may surmise that when Asa Bearss professed experiential conv.eÂ·rsi~n about
l3the Bertie brethren received both him and his Sunday School into fellowship.
~).f,uation whicli\ would have resulted under those circumstances could account
Bertie tradition of co-operation in a Sunday School startea in the Humb0r~choolhouse in 1863.. We do know that the Bertie people must have held Bearss
esteem from the beginning of his affiliation with them, for they ordained
t:he ministry only three years later when he was only approximately thirty
o~ age 5 This esteem for the man might well explain why the conservative
groui:&gt; took a positive view of Sunday School work at a time when such work
ost unknown within the Church. Dr. A. w. Clirnenhaga 1 s data a..ssembled from
nnaires completed several decades ago by presumably knowledgeable individuals
ous parts of the Brotherhood reveal no claims for Sunday School work ante1880. except in Bertie District and, possibly, at Sippo, Ohio. His Bertie
nts mentioned tbe Humberstone School of 1863 and also stated that Sunday

... e

,,,..,,

'&gt;&gt;â€¢WJÂ·~-

â€¢â€¢~Â·-&lt;â€¢..

â€¢... ...,.,..

,~

.....

�Â·Â·Â·--~ .... ..._-

...

-

.l

.. 9 ...

IP: 7)"

tl was held in tho Bortie meeting houso from the time of its erection in 188.5. 7
sions and generalizations.based only upon the oral traditions of localities
coursq, be regarded witb much caution. Fortunately, however, we have docuiÂ·:proof that Bertie District had a Sunday School in 1887, and the rgport of
tivities suggests that it :was not a recent innovation at that time.
.~t

more documcntation would certainly be welcomed, the present

writer~s

rtfisthnt the claims of Eertie District to the earliost Sunday School within

herhood rest upon more substantial considerations than can thus far be
forward on behalf of any other locality. He has also previously expressed
n%on that the account of Asa Bearss and thoâ€¢Humborstone Sunday School is
4.YÂ· credible, although the nature of the r9lationship of that School to Bertie
~et is by no means clear.
Interestingly enough, the e.arliest documentation of Brethren in Christ Sunday
activity does not relate to the long-established Bertie District where we
tho first Sunday School began, but to a small mission point in Columbus,
an interest in Sunday School work developed as early as 1876, for in that
quGstion as to whether tho brethren at Columbus could have a Sunday School
to tho floor of the General Council (Conference). Tho minutes Qf tho
rocord tho following action: "That it is granted that tho Columbus Brethren
a Sabbnth School to bo hold in their church provided thoy hold control of
, as has boon said, this is tho o.n.rliost documentation of Sunday
;, a.cti vity within tho Brotherhood, it in no way proves that Sunday Schools had
s.tartod earlier olsowhoro, say in Bortio District, Ontario.
early Sunday School movement had to go forward against much opposition.
;Â£ this may have boon a psychological carry-over f;rom an oarli.:ir period whon
lie ministrations of tho Church l~rgoly disregarded tho ovangclization and
nurture of children and youth. O Various specific criticisms wore adhowover. Two such criticisms wore stated and then challenged by "A Friend
11 as follows:

"""""'--"""""-

�- 15 -

w.

Cli.toonhaga, "History of thE:&gt; Brethren in Christ Sunday Schools,"

V (April, May, June, 1953), p. 3.

L. Wingor, "Asa Bearss, tho First Sunday S~hool suporintondent, II

I

2.

Bcnrss obituary. Ev~ngclical Visitor, XXXVIII (D3comber 21, 1925),
obituary makes clonr that ho died in 1925 nnd not in 1921 as hasil
â€¢ See Morris Sider, "History of tho Brethren in Christ (Tunker) ,
Canada," p. 28. Unpublished master's thesis, The Univ0rsity of
[
Wlllâ€¢~~.~tt~n Ontario, 1955.
grandson &lt;Df Asa Bearss, told tho. writer that the account'.

. 'Â·1'!J,l"&lt;l,.;,"'"v1.1.1â€¢,..

â€¢â€¢â€¢i:. of the Humbcrstono Sunday School has boon commonly known and

.aciaetJL@a.'within tho family as long ns ho cnn remember.

:~Asa Bearss

c;c,t~; ':'.~o

obituary.

Evnngolical Visitor, XX.XVIII (December 21, 1925), p. 9.

prosont wri tor' s impression of Bortio consorvatism in tho 1860 1 s may be
Â· Â·~t(~Y:&gt;infiuenced by an anecdote told to him by M. L. Dohnor. 1 When, i:i.bout the
Â·Â· ;);tidicl\tod, the latter's grandfather wont from the United States to Canada
t~i;:itaticm among the churches, the Bertie brethren hesitated to admit him
~ :6,6munion bocnuse he c rune in a carriage with springs â€¢ Apparently carriage
sp~lllgll!suggestod to them an affinity for the world.

:.Â· /lA. vtVâ€¢ (April,
Climcnhaga,
May,

.vll'o:rWard,
Â·,,"-&lt;

"History of the Brethren in Christ Sunday Schools, 11
June, 1953), p. J.

,rge Detweiler, 11 Report of Sabbath School," Evangelical Visitor, I
' 1,, 1888) ' p. 75 â€¢

â€¢:~;,Â·.";~Gri~in, Confession .2.f Faith fill9. Church

Gove~nmont, Together filh fill Abstr::i.ct
Â·~. Irnpo:rtnnt Decisions, ~ .Q:z the Gonerhl Council .Q.f. the Brethren in
Cornrnonl:;,;: Called River Brethren. 1871-1881 Inclusive (Wooster, Ooio, 1881),
Â· 15. This action is not included in any of tho three subsequent coinpilaGeneral Council minutes in 1887, 1901, and 1904.
~

"I Arn So Glad,

11

Evnngclical Visitor, N (Feb;ruary 1, 1891),

elical Visitor III (February 1, 1890), p. 45~

Os H. Hess, 11The Sunday School," Evangelicnl Visitor, XIX (March l.5, 1905),

.utes Â£t. ~ General Conference â€¢â€¢â€¢ 91, the Brethren l:n, Christ â€¢â€¢â€¢ 1885.

X.l.

Broadside in Tho Archives of the Brethron in Christ Church.

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                    <text>s.s. #

7. Eagle ST. Bertie Township.::: Â·

1860 1 s
Brick 1880's
The date of the original log school on Eagle St., remains in doubt;
however the early books in the possession of Louis Climenhage date 186L~.
The red brick school was built on the original site in 1880.
The first class registered from the log school was comprised of::
Elizabeth Winger: John Walk.er: Ben Niese: George MC.Murray: :-.;:enry &amp;
Elias Zimmerman: Issac Everett: Josiah Wine;er: George , Ben, &amp; Chris
Climenhage: Rebecca Shisler: &amp; George Johnstone.
Trustees who signed the deed for the property were; Jacob Sider:
Wshington M. Sloan: &amp; Joseph Clark.
It was customery for all the exams to be oral, and many of the old
families in the area, sent members to hear the pupils. To reduce the
upkeep it was also customery for the residents of the area, to supply
wood for the box-stove.
The schoold road ran along Black Creek and in alte March when it
flooded it was almost impossible for the children to get to school.
~

â€¢

â€¢

Red Brick School:::
1880-91. c .. w. Cayers.
flirs. A. M. Meyer.
1891.
Mrs. c. Bell
1891-94~
1895-96. Miss Dainty
1897-98. Mr~E. Baker( Collingwood)
1899-1900 Miss M. Booth.
Solom01 Climenhage
1901~02
1903-04. Mr. T.J. Wheaten
Miss M. J_J. Wiggins~
1904
Miss E.W. Wiggins.
1905
Miss
Griffiths
1906
Miss M.M. Learn
1907
Miss Almer Sider Â·
1910
Miss Margaret Mc. Namers.
1911
!'1r. A Sauer.
1929
Evelyn Climenhage.

...

4 members of the Climenhage family served as Trusties
of S.S. # 7.
-11868 David: : Son Danile: Grandson Jess: &amp; Louis Climenhage secretary.
S.S.#

-

7. 192?::: addition to the front of the school.

1931::: electricity added.
1939::: improved washroom facilities.
Easter:l955::: The - new school opened on south side of Eagle st.

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Lwing to the scarcity of records much of the background of the
Point Abino School is not,clear.
It is generally believed that the first
school came into existence sometime after 1800 and was erected on the
property behind the Point Abino Service Station in the old tourist camp.
Some say it was built of logs and shared with the Church of England.
Teachers boarded with the parents who wished their children educated for
about two weeks each.
Each day the teacher would go to the school to
teach the children.
The parents shared the cost of wages and board of
the teacher as there were no taxes.
The earliest salary figure in records
states that a teacher earned less than three hundred dollars a year in
l.~05.

In 1840 Egerton Ryerson re-organized the schools of Ontario and
this method has come down to us today.
Teachers were trained in a
normal school and the salaries were low in comparison with nowadays. In
the records the earliest teacher's salary was $65.00 a quarter which
amounted to $260.00 per annum.
In 18)4 the salary was $320.00 a year and
in 1896 it was $348.00.
There were no teaching aids in use then, and the
teachers had to toil to prepare for their many classc each day.
Years later, the second school was built about two hundred yards
east of the present one, on the north side of the road and until 1874 was used
until the present school was opened.
A book was presented as a memento to
the pupils at this time, dated April 14th, 1874.

â€¢

Land for the school was acquired from William and Margaret Barney
on July 29th, 1873.
Trustees at the time were: Washington Sloan, Walter
E. Ellsworth and William Schooley.
A larger area was bought in 1911 from
John and Ann Caroline McLeod, the trustees being Nathan Day, George Wintemutc
and John H. Sherk.
The third part making up what we now know as the school
property was acquired in October of 19G2 from Mrs. E. Miller, making up the
total area to approximately two acres.
The trustees at this time were:
G. w. Mcintosh, Earl Winger, Fred Crown, and H. Day Secretary-Treasurer.
The original school was made of stone about 18 inches thick with
a double door facing north.
There were two cloakrooms at the back.
There
was a teacher's desk and platform at the south end.
The wood stove gave
un-even heat, so that these close by had ruddy complexions while those far
from the source of heat shivered with cold.
Sometimes on cold, windy days
a kindly teacher would gather the pupils around the stove so that as many as
possible could share in the warmth.
The old-fashioned box stove with a pipe
which rarl upward and then hori~&gt;ntally to the back of the room heated the
schcol from 1874 until 1892.
Then natural gas made its appearance.
This
type of fuel was used until 1899 when the course of the gas line was chan~Pd.
forcing a return to wood until 1908.
Then gas was introduced again and
additional space heaters were put in in 1951.
Electricity was installed
in the school in 1929.
The present hot water boiler was installed in
1963 when the last addition to the school was made.

�In 1004- tll:ls schocl board was done away with and the Be!'tie Board
ccnsistinri: of a c;rcE1:, cf six nen residine in tL3 Tcwnd:ii~ cf Dertie car;ie
intc existence.
S. G. /JlLl was clc sed in 1065 anc1 the "::Â· upils were bussed tc the
~Â·cint Abinc iJchool.
The elder schcclrecm was made in-to a classrccn and
the community clubs were no lcn~;er ~erai tted tc ESe t:â€¢e sc~1oc' 1.
r;;'he

attendance at tt..e schocl was 114 \:'U!;-ils new.
In 1967 the l3ert5-e Sr. Scheel was o~~ened anc1 tl1is schccl acccacdated
the e;rades seven and eichts.
'i'his allowed the six remainin2 crades to be
sr:li t up into u1~actes 1-2' 3-4' 5-6.

â€¢

In 19GJ the l eace :Jrid:::,e Area Eo2,rd cf :Zd~cation was created for
one year. The mebers t :: this beard waa made u,J cf residents in the Fort
E_rie, :Sertie Townshi1- and Crystal Geach erea. The next year tLe Wellanc
Ccunty Beard of Education carae into effec-t.
These r:ie.mbers were elected
re~resentat:j.ves from the Iiiunicii,.alities cf tt_s Ccunty cf Wcllanc:.
In
1G71 when the ne,_Â·icnal c:overnnent was establisiied the beard beca.rae the
iri?_zara Scuth :_;card cf ;.::ducaticn. l nly t!ie name cf the ~kard was chan;_red
at this time â€¢
Oince 13G:=. the :&gt;."eccrds cf the:.:: cint Abinc 1 nblic Cd.eel ~rnve
been kept.
r.L'hese are new housed in the :::,oard 's Central
ffice in Welland..
1â€¢

Any h:'...stcry cf tL.e schoc 1 vro::lc1 nc t 1Je complete wi t~1cÂ· c''.t mcntj_cn
~::ein'Â· i;1ade of the :. arcnt-Teac~1c::.Â· 's Association (Ch:'.J) which ~:.as been in
c;;.,era.tion sine:-:: 1J50.
Â·-=':1is was fcÂ·i"f.1C-d as a. :-rcu;;;
and neichtours wcrkinr tc,:::etl"ie1Â· fer ti.10 welfare cf
Bake Sales, F.:~nfa::rs, :.:ct 1='q: Days are all r.art cf
or:_:,anizaticn and ever~'cnc realizes that in wrdc;_n::;
cf -'die schccÂ·l there is nuch perscnal satisfaction.

cf cencernecl J;arcnt:3
t~1e schcc l childrsn.
the life cf this
tci;:ether fer tl'1e coed

The quality cf educaticn is still very hi,~" at this nchcol. The
and their difficulties anc1 are rsady to cive
assistance.
The children are ~:iven the disciyline t~-.. ey need, that o:f
a just and responsible t~arent.
It:i.nerci.nt teache~Â·s teach music, lancuae:e,
:French and give assistance in readin~' and st--eec~1. There is still reading,
wri tinp: , arithmetic and s~ell:'..n;:; which form the real back-bcne cf a
c:cod educaticn beinp- tau.r_:)1t.

Teac!:.c~rs knew the r-i::pils,

â€¢

It is interestinr: to ncte tl1at a hi["h 1-ercentage cf the cb.ildren
graduatinr:- frcn 1: cÂ·int Ab inc F ublic Schee 1 have r:c ne en to llif,he1" learninE;,
and we hcpe with the educaticn foundation tl1at they receiv,3C. in this
school it has Hade then wcrthy ci-tizens nc .mattere where the} raicht have
chosen tc settle â€¢

�â€¢

4.
LIST

1892
1894
1895
1896
1897
1838
1902
1903
1G08
1909
1910

CF

TEACIIBHS

- Miss Gertrude Bown
- Miss Horth
- IWiss Bray
- c. I. Iiaynes
- Miss Bingenan
- Vliss ::clcn Ee si::
- Mr. E. L. Sherk
- Miss li1ac LcClclland
- :1:1iss Z2.vi tz
- !Jliss McGovern
- Mr. A. W. ileavley
Miss Meck

â€¢

1912 - lass l.'!c(}ueen
Nl.iss Gchneukcr
I-~iss Fletcher
1913
1914 - Ifr. Alvin Benner
1916 - Miss Elsley
HHS - Uiss Creed
l;iiss Ii1'1r jcrie Inman
1922 - Miss Slcan
1926 - l\Iiss focKelvey (Ers. L. Llichaol)
1927 - Miss Viola Cotten
1929 - Miss Brown (IJlrs. Davis)

AT

TliIS

SCIR { L

1933 - Miss (}ertrude Bricgs
Olirs. Jack Lichtenberger)
1938 - l:Jliss Dorothy Sherk
1939 - Lir. Aldon Ifasty
1942 - r,::rs. Lillian Athce
1943 - Miss Iili tchel (11.irs. Ziill)
194G - filrs. Lillian Athce
1352 - h.rs. 3tella Bnules
1953 - Ltr. '.!.'horns Toesh
1954 - I;:iss Jean Johnson
1956 - Jiliss Charlotte Dix
1958 - Ers. Vera Wilson
1961 - L~rs. J\:ar jcrie Lewis
Ers. Lenore Ellswerth ( temparrary)
1062 - L:rs. I.:. Lewis
Miss Zvelyn Laslie
Eiss L. Lamcrie
1963 - Li's. H. Lewis
Miss Evelyn Leslie
1964 -

r;.:rs.

Ill. Lowis
Mr. Dcuglas Tayler

1965 - Mr. D. Tayler
Mr. Trevor Climenhage
I:liss A.

Kromka.m~

1966 - M.r. D. Tayler, Niiss C::1rol Beuse,
Mr. T. Climonhaf[C, Nass Krcmkamp
1967 - Kr. D. Tayler, Mrs. l sborne, lVirs.
Allen Mrs. Webster.
N1r. D. Tayler, h';rs. Lorna Huber,
1968
hrs. Webster.
INSl:-ECTCRS

Mr. James NicNiece
1939 - 1962 - N. R. Wi~htnan
1062 - 1963 - 1963 - E. Sanderson
1964 - J. H. K. Crossley
10e4 - 1GG7 - J. R. Graham
1068 - 1'971 - Er. W. Snith (Supt. of :i:!:ducation â€¢

1934 - 1939 -

â€¢

�TRUSTEES

â€¢

CF

:3

0

s.

5.
lK

D

12 BEHT .IB

James Edsel
1802 to 1894
James
r:aun
1893 tc 1895
J.
M.
Schoc ley
1899 tc 1801
John
McLeod
1897 to 1902
Melvin Foreman
1808 to 1903
(re-elected
in 1917) Ifartin Sherk
1902 to 1904
Nathan
Day
1903 :&amp;o l!Hl
Gee.
Wintemute
1905 to 1913
Elman ~liichael
1907 tc 1909
John H. Shark
1910 tc 1915
Thomas
Metlar
1912 tc 1914
(re-elected
in
1920)
Fred Near
1914 tc 1916
Fred
Wintemute
1915 tc 1923
Walter Ellsworth
1916 to 1924
Martin Sherk
1917 tc 1919
Fred Near
1920 to 1925
John Page
1924 to 1929
Jacob Reinhart
1025 tc 1936
E. J. Reeb
1026 to 1937
Frank Bailey
1D30 tr; 1932
,.L ,,.._.:._,._;,Â·, 'tc 1938
Harlow Day
Goorr;e Near
1937 to 1045
1938 to 1942 (died in June, replaced by Earl IKichael) John E. Sherk
Stanley Walker
1939 to 1942
Earl Michael
1942 tc 1947
F hi],.ip Coop or
l'.)43 to 134g
r:. I.1orley
19&lt;16 to 1954
rilrs. V. Janson
1948 to 1953
Earl Winsor
1953 to 1964
Don Woods (resigned in April)
1954 to 1960
David Ellswerth
1955 to 1960
ilay Eaggerty (rei.,laced D. Wcods - resigned to enter
municipal politics)
G. Vl. r,:clntosh
1961 tc 1963
Fred Crown
1061 to 1964
John Benner
1964
~

It is interesting to note that the Walter Ellsworth mentioned above is
the son of the Vial ter Ellsworth on the first page c,f the history, David Ellsworth
is the Grandson, and Robert Ellswerth who is now attending the school is the
Great Great Grandson of Walter E. Ellsworth. Point Abino School has served four
generations of Ellsworths â€¢

.

â€¢

�â€¢

6.
SCHCC L

SECT ltH

N( .14

The former School Section Ne. 14 Bertie, consisted of land on the South
West corner by the Bertie Humberstcne Tcwnline and the Canadian National Heilrcad East to the Point Abino Road, North tc the line between lot 3 and 4 1-k rth
of Highway No. 3, East to the Ctt Read, North to the line between Let 5 and 6,
West to the }louse 11.cad, Horth to Bowen Head, West to Point Abine Ho ad, i:~orth
to the line between Let 0 and 10, West to the Bertie - Humberstone Townline and
South to the railroad tracks.
there has been three schools.
The first was on the South side of
Gilmore Road on the Easterly part of Lot 4 just West of the CTrade in the road.
The second school was built en the north side of the Gil.more Head and
W0st farther.
It was in frcnt cf what is now the heme of Gerry Van (sch.
The third school w2.s built in 1909 and is new owned by Gerry Van (sch.
The land for these twc schoc ls was about half an acre which was bought from
a li1r. Jcseph Sherk.
In about 1936 apprc:drc1ately ancther half acre was bour;ht frcm Ur.
Daniel Sherk the sen of Joseph.
In 1965 the school was closed and the pupils
were trasported by bus tc Feint Abinc School â€¢

â€¢

Scme of the.teachers are:
Sis Bougner, Erie Sherk, Grace Sherk (all deceased)
Helen Boyle (Mrs. Acheson Campryell) Cincinnati, lhio.
Miss lleatheringtcn, Evelyn Ellsworth (Iiirs. D.D. Kinsman) i:elen
Ellsworth Oi1rs. Gee. H.ebstcck, Crystal Beach), Mrs. Charles Hill (deceased)
Miss Bell, Grace Shel-herd (Mrs. Claude Climenhage, Fort Erie)
Miss Catharine UcClean, Mr. W. F. Savage, (deceased) Mr. Frances Goldring
l'elham, Iiliss Edith Hoogendyk, Miss Dorcthy Sherk, Kitchener,High Schoel.
Marjorie Learn, (Mrs. Cecil Hcrtcn) M.iss Shirley Bitner, Crystal Beach,
Miss Helen Barusic, Miss lieba Wilson, St. Catharines, Mr. Arthur Pye,
Fonthill, rilrs. Fred StajJles, (deceased) Mrs. helen Night, Miss Doris
Anthes, Stella P asowistie (fiirs. Gerry Ene-les) Mr. Charles Davis,
Mrs. Abisail Winger (Sider, Stevensville), &lt;mar Seburn, (deceased)
Mrs. Ethel Woehl, Fort Erie, Mr. Bergman, Miss Valerie Priestman,
Mr. Fred Disher, Dunnville and Alida Kromkamp (Mrs. William C sbcrne).
In the secticn were two churches.
Cne en the Point Abino Road about the
South corner cf Lot 4
The other en Burger Ito ad en the Ncrth Part of Let 1
known as Kennedy's l:all. This was moved, cut the r:r2.thews read 2,nd became ~,art cf
0

Elias Beaches barn.

â€¢

Some of the older setllers were - Ben Learn, Jonas Winget-, Sam Kennedy,
Jc.seph Sherk, David Sherk, Andrew Sherk, Christain Bitner, David Fretz, Simon
Zavitz, Jchn Burger, r,lennc Burger, Geo. House, Daniol T. Zavitz and Philip Zavitz â€¢
Several Houses have been torn down or moved, but many more have been
There are cnly a few
moved in, built or will be built in the near futute.
farms that have direct descendants.

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                  <text>Forte Erie Public Library and Louis McDermott</text>
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